--

12 (2) 2022

Vietnamese high school EFL teachers’ perceptions of teaching cultural contents during the Covid-19 pandemic: A case study at Tra Vinh City


Author - Affiliation:
Tran Bao Lien - Tra Vinh University, Tra Vinh City , Vietnam
Chau Thi Hoang Hoa - Tra Vinh University, Tra Vinh City , Vietnam
Corresponding author: Tran Bao Lien - lbtran_thsp@tvu.edu.vn
Submitted: 12-05-2022
Accepted: 05-09-2022
Published: 18-10-2022

Abstract
In the field of foreign language education, cultural knowledge is as important as language skills. To date, little research explores how Vietnamese EFL (English as a foreign language) teachers perceive cultural teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic. To fill such gaps in the literature, this study was conducted on 64 EFL high school teachers in Tra Vinh Province with a questionnaire and 06 participants with an in-depth interview to explore their perceptions of cultural teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic, especially when there is a reduction in the contents of the new curriculum. This article applied the framework of Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC) adapted from Byram, Gribkova, and Starkey (2002) and the Cultural Iceberg framework to analyze Vietnamese EFL high school teachers’ strategies in teaching cultural content. The findings revealed that teachers still have a positive view of the role of cultural teaching, and they still teach cultural knowledge despite the reduction of contents in English textbooks. Effective strategies applied when teaching online were also revealed.

Keywords
Covid-19 pandemic; cultural knowledge; online teaching; Vietnamese EFL teachers

Full Text:
PDF

Cite this paper as:

Tran, L. B., & Chau, H. T. H. (2022). Vietnamese high school EFL teachers’ perceptions of teaching cultural contents during the Covid-19 pandemic: A case study at Tra Vinh City. Ho Chi Minh City Open University Journal of Science – Social Sciences, 12(2), 118-134. doi:10.46223/HCMCOUJS.soci.en.12.2.2291.2022


References

Allo, M. D. G. (2020). Is online learning good during the Covid-19 pandemic? The case of EFL learners. Jurnal Sinestesia10(1), 1-10.


Atmojo, A. E. P., & Nugroho, A. (2020). EFL classes must go online! Teaching activities and challenges during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Register Journal13(1), 49-76.


Baptiste, S. (1988). Chronic pain, activity, and culture. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55(4), 179-185.


Brooks, N. (1968). Teaching culture in the foreign language classroom. Foreign Language Annals1(3), 204-217.


Bryman, A., Bell, E. A., & Teevan, J. J. (2009). Social research methods. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.


Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.


Byram, M., Gribkova, B., & Starkey, H.  (2002). Developing the intercultural dimension in language teaching: A practical introduction for teachers. Strasbourg, France: Language Policy Division, Directorate of School, Out-of-School and Higher Education, Council of Europe.


Carter, K., & Doyle, W. (1995, June). Preconceptions in learning to teach. In The educational forum (Vol. 59, pp. 186-195). Milton Park, Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis Group.


Chastain, K. (1988). Developing second language skills: Theory and practice. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Janovich Publishers.


Chau, H. T. H., & Truong, V. (2019). The integration of intercultural education into teaching English:  What Vietnamese teachers do and say. International Journal of Instruction, 12(1), 441-456.


Chen, B. B. (2004). A survey on cultural learning and its variable analysis. Xi’an Journal of Xi’an International Studies University, 12(3), 21-24.


Cho, J. Y., & Lee, E. H. (2014). Reducing confusion about grounded theory and qualitative content analysis: Similarities and differences. Qualitative Report, 19(32), 1-20.


Coyne, I. T. (1997). Sampling in qualitative research. Purposeful and theoretical sampling; merging or clear boundaries? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26(3), 623-630.


Creswell, J. (2015). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.


Creswell, J. W., & Clark, P. V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA:  SAGE.


Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334.


Czura, A. (2016). Major field of study and student teachers’ views on intercultural communicative competence. Language and Intercultural Communication, 16(1), 83-98.


Ghavamnia, M. (2020). Iranian EFL teachers’ beliefs and perspectives on incorporating culture in EFL classes. Intercultural Education, 31(3), 314-329.


Halcomb, E. J., & Andrew, S. (2005). Triangulation as a method for contemporary nursing research. Nurse Researcher, 13(2), 71-82.


Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press.


Horie, M. (2014). The opportunities and challenges of intercultural education for Asia Literacy. Ethos, 22(3), 20-39.


Huynh, T. N., Thomas, A., & To, T. V. (2020). East-Asian philosophical concepts as analytical framework for interpreting Non-Western Images in children’s picture books. In Handbook of research on cultivating literacy in diverse and multilingual classrooms (pp. 393-420). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.


Ingold, T. (1994). Introduction to culture. In T. Ingold (Ed.), Companion encyclopedia of anthropology: Humanity, culture, and social life. London, UK: Routledge.


Jing, X. (2010). Cultural contents of an in-use EFL textbook and English major students’ attitudes and perceptions towards culture learning at Jiangxi University of Science and Technology (Doctoral dissertation). Prince of Songkla University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China.


Kintner-Duffy, V. L., Scott-Little, C., & Smith, N. (2021). “I’m gonna teach them all the same way”: Teachers’ beliefs about, experiences of, and classroom practices with children of color. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 12(3), 1-21.


Knowles, G., & Holt-Reynolds, D. (1991). Shaping pedagogies through personal histories in preservice teacher education. Teachers College Record, 93(1), 87-113.


Levine, R. E. (1987). Culture: A factor influencing the outcomes of occupational therapy. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 4(1), 3-16.


Liddicoat, A. J. (2002). Static and dynamic views of culture and intercultural language acquisition. Babel, 36(3), 4-11.


Mayring, P. (2014). Qualitative content analysis: Theoretical foundation, basic procedures, and software solution. Carinthia, Austria: Klagenfurt.


McLeod, S. A. (2019). Likert scale. Retrieved October 10, 2021, from Simply Psychology website: https://www.simplypsychology.org/likertscale.html


Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.


Ministry of Education and Training. (2018). English curriculum for high schools.  Retrieved October 10, 2021, from https://data.moet.gov.vn/index.php/s/CXTqAkDQNTwyEPt# pdfviewer


Ministry of Education and Training. (2021). Số: 4040/BGDĐT-GDTrH V/v: Hướng dẫn thực hiện Chương trình GDPT cấp THCS, THPT ứng phó với dịch Covid-19 năm học 2021-2022 [No: 4040/BGDĐT-GDTrH: Guidelines for the implementation of the education program at secondary levels to cope with the Covid-19 pandemic in the school year 2021-2022]. Retrieved October 10, 2021, from https://moet.gov.vn/tintuc/Pages/tin-tong-hop.aspx?ItemID=7517


Moretti, F., van Vliet, L., Bensing, J., Deledda, G., Mazzi, M., Rimondini, M., ... Fletcher, I. (2011). A standardized approach to qualitative content analysis of focus group discussions from different countries. Patient Education and Counseling, 82(3), 420-428.


Nguyen, L., Harvey, S., & Grant, L. (2016). What teachers say about addressing culture in their EFL teaching practices: The Vietnamese context. Intercultural Education, 27(2), 165-178.


Oranje, J., & Smith, L. F. (2018). Language teacher cognition and intercultural language teaching: The New Zealand perspective. Language Teaching Research, 22(3), 310-329.


Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know? Nashua, NH: Heinle and Heinle Publishers.


 Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 42(5), 533-544.


Sasu, A. (2016). The cultural iceberg and other cultural models. BuletinulȘtiințific al UniversitățiiTehnice de ConstrucțiiBucureștiSeria: LimbiStrăineșiComunicare, 9(2), 79-87.


Sercu, L. (2006). The foreign language and intercultural competence teacher: The acquisition of a new professional identity. Intercultural Education, 17(1), 55-72.


Sercu, L., Méndez García, M., & Prieto, P. C. (2005). Culture learning from a constructivist perspective: An investigation of Spanish foreign language teachers’ views. Language and Education, 19(6), 483-495.


Stapleton, P. (2000). Culture’s role in TEFL: An attitude survey in Japan. Language Culture and Curriculum, 13(3), 291-305.


Sugianto, A., & Ulfah, N. (2020). Construing the challenges and opportunities of intercultural language teaching amid Covid-19 pandemic: English teachers’ voices. Journal of English Language Teaching and Linguistics, 5(4), 363-381.


Suri, H. (2011). Purposeful sampling in qualitative research synthesis. Qualitative Research Journal, 11(2), 63-75.


Tomalin, B., & Stempleski, S. (1993). Cultural awareness. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.


Weaver G. R. (2000). Culture communication and conflict: readings in intercultural relations (2nd ed.). London, UK: Pearson Publishers.


Weaver, G. R. (1993). Understanding and coping with cross-cultural adjustment stress. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.



Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.